This paper is the abridged version of a report jointly prepared by the International Bar Association (IBA) and the Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP).This initiative arose from a latent need of IBA members (80,000 individual international lawyers from most of the world's leading law firms and some 190 bar associations covering more than 170 countries) that became evident in different ways and, thanks to its President Almudena Arpón de Mendívil Aldama, became an unprecedented project.

This report outlines how the UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is addressing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in exercising its competition functions. As a cross-sectoral regulator, the CMA has had to address the growing impact of AI as it relates to its remit.

The widespread use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in decision-making has significantly impacted individuals and societies. In response to the growing need for transparency and accountability in AI systems, the European Council (EC),in May 2024, approved an updated text of the previously proposed 2021 EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA).

Those interested in the European Union’s approach to AI regulation could not have asked for a better test of its effectiveness than the emergence of DeepSeek, a Chinese startup that launched a highly advanced large language model in late January 2025.

Neither law nor machines were ever designed to grasp the profound intricacies of human emotions. Law is rooted in reason, and computer code, by its nature, leaves no room for subjective nuance. As such, both law and machines stood on the same starting line in their approach to emotion.

On 12 February 2025, the Swiss government decided how Switzerland would proceed regarding law and governance of artificial intelligence (AI) . Essentially, Switzerland strives to ratify the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, while adapting its existing legislation to account for AI.

Those interested in the European Union’s approach to AI regulation could not have asked for a better test of its effectiveness than the emergence of DeepSeek, a Chinese startup that launched a highly advanced large language model in late January 2025.

Innovation and regulation are sometimes presented as two opposing forces. As CEO of the UK’s Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (DRCF), in the author’s experience the relationship is more nuanced. The need is not for no regulation, but for effective regulation. In many areas of life, from air travel to medicines, regulation provides certainty and predictability for businesses, and gives people confidence to use products and services in the knowledge that there are robust safety standards in place. Effective regulation works to protect people’s safety, while promoting innovation and economic growth by creating a level playing field in which responsible players can have confidence to compete.

In a sequel of two articles, the authors comprehensively examine China’s evolving AI regulation, focusing on the interplay between fragmented laws, technical standards, and sectoral governance frameworks. This reflects the tension between central regulatory control and sector-specific governance in aligning rapid technological advancement with coherent legislative oversight.